CPK8 functions in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation

 

Arabidopsis CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE8 and CATALASE3 Function in Abscisic Acid-Mediated Signaling and H₂O₂ Homeostasis in Stomatal Guard Cells under Drought Stress

by Zou J.-J., Li X.-D., Ratnasekera D., Wang C., Liu W.-X., Song L.-F., Zhang W.-Z., Wu W.-H. (2015)

in Plant Cell: May 2015, 27 (5)

Abstract

Drought is a major threat to plant growth and crop productivity. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs, CPKs) are believed to play important roles in plant responses to drought stress. Here, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana CPK8 functions in abscisic acid (ABA)- and Ca²⁺-mediated plant responses to drought stress. The cpk8 mutant was more sensitive to drought stress than wild-type plants, while the transgenic plants overexpressingCPK8 showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress compared with wild-type plants. ABA-, H₂O₂-, and Ca²⁺-induced stomatal closing were impaired in cpk8 mutants. Arabidopsis CATALASE3 (CAT3) was identified as a CPK8-interacting protein, confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. CPK8 can phosphorylate CAT3 at Ser-261 and regulate its activity. Both cpk8 and cat3plants showed lower catalase activity and higher accumulation of H₂O₂ compared with wild-type plants. The cat3 mutant displayed a similar drought stress-sensitive phenotype ascpk8 mutant. Moreover, ABA and Ca²⁺ inhibition of inward K⁺ currents were diminished in guard cells of cpk8 and cat3 mutants. Together, these results demonstrated that CPK8 functions in ABA-mediated stomatal regulation in responses to drought stress through regulation of CAT3 activity.

Stomata, ozone and water deficit

 

Diel Trends in Stomatal Response to Ozone and Water Deficit: A unique relationship of midday values to growth and allometry in Pima cotton

by Grantz D. A. , Paudel R., Vu H.-B., Shrestha A.,  Grulke N. (2015)

in Plant Biology:

Accepted Article, DOI: 10.1111/plb.12355

Abstract

Plant responses to ozone (O₃) and water deficit (WD) are commonly observed, though less is known about their interaction. Stomatal conductance (g_s) is both an impact of these stressors, and a protective response to them. Stomatal closure reduces inward flux of O₃ and outward flux of water. Stomatal measurements are generally obtained at midday when gas exchange is maximal, but these may not be adequate surrogates for stomatal responses observed at other times of day, nor for non-stomatal responses. Here, we find in Pima cotton that stomatal responses to O₃ observed at midday do not reflect responses at other times. Stomata are more responsive to O₃ and WD at midday, despite being at quasi-steady state, than during periods of active opening or closing. An index of stomatal responsivity to O₃ was maximal in the afternoon, not coincident with maximum gas exchange or with periods of active regulation, but coincident with plant sensitivity to O₃ previously determined in this cultivar. Responses of pigmentation, shoot and root productivity, and allometric parameters, were more closely related to stomatal responses at midday than to responses at other times of day, reflecting greater stomatal responsivity and sensitivity to O₃, and the larger magnitude of midday g_s which dominates integrated gas exchange. Responses of stomata to O₃ at midday were not good surrogates for stomatal responses early or late in the day, and may not adequately predicting O₃ flux when maximum ambient concentrations do not occur near midday.

See the text: Wiley Online Library

Stomata and CO2

Photo credit: Am. J. Bot. 

Coordination of stomatal physiological behavior and morphology with carbon dioxide determines stomatal control

by Haworth M., Killi D., Materassi A., Raschi A. (2015)

===

in Am. J. Bot. 102(5): 677-688, 2015

Stomatal pores on leaf surfaces play an important role in plant adaptation to new or changing environments via regulation of CO₂ uptake and water vapor loss, and have played a central role in plant evolutionary history. In a controlled chamber setting, Haworth et al. (p. 677) assessed responses of stomatal physiology and density in two sets of plants, in representative ferns and angiosperms, to atmospheres of ambient and artificially enriched CO₂. They observed two distinct strategies to control CO₂: species either regulated their stomatal behavior (via adjusting aperature openings) or changed stomatal density in new growth. Based on these results, Haworth et al. propose a generalized model that characterizes trade-offs in short-term physiological behavior and longer-term morphological responses.

===============

ABSTRACT

• Premise of the study: Stomatal control is determined by the ability to alter stomatal aperture and/or the number of stomata on the surface of new leaves in response to growth conditions. The development of stomatal control mechanisms to the concentration of CO₂ within the atmosphere ([CO₂]) is fundamental to our understanding of plant evolutionary history and the prediction of gas exchange responses to future [CO₂].

• Methods: In a controlled environment, fern and angiosperm species were grown in atmospheres of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (2000 ppm) [CO₂]. Physiological stomatal behavior was compared with the stomatal morphological response to [CO₂].

• Key results: An increase in [CO₂] or darkness induced physiological stomatal responses ranging from reductions (active) to no change (passive) in stomatal conductance. Those species with passive stomatal behavior exhibited pronounced reductions of stomatal density in new foliage when grown in elevated [CO₂], whereas species with active stomata showed little morphological response to [CO₂]. Analysis of the physiological and morphological stomatal responses of a wider range of species suggests that patterns of stomatal control to [CO₂] do not follow a phylogenetic pattern associated with plant evolution.

• Conclusions: Selective pressures may have driven the development of divergent stomatal control strategies to increased [CO₂]. Those species that are able to actively regulate guard cell turgor are more likely to respond to [CO₂] through a change in stomatal aperture than stomatal number. We propose a model of stomatal control strategies in response to [CO₂] characterized by a trade-off between short-term physiological behavior and longer-term morphological response.

See the text: Am. J. Bot. 

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Stomata in Crassulaceae

 

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Types in Some Species of Korean Crassulaceae

by Jeong W.-G., Sung M.-W. (1985)

===

in Asia Science and Technology Portal 28(2): 105-118 –

(https://astp.jst.go.jp/modules/search/DocumentDetail/0581-2607%2B%2540%2B0583-421x%2B%2540%2B1226-9239%2B%2540%2B_28_2_Epidermal%2BStructure%2Band%2BStomatal%2BTypes%2Bin%2BSome%2BSpecies%2Bof%2BKorean%2BCrassulaceae_N%252FA)

 

Abstract:

This study was carried out to investigate the epidermal structure and types of stomata on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves in six species and one variety belonging to Korean Crassulaceae. The shape of epidermal cells was polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated. The cell wall was thick, sinuous or deeply sinuous. The subsidiary cell wall was thin or mostly arched. The cytolith-containing cells were found in Orostachys japonicus. The distribution of stomata was more on the upper surface than on the lower surface in the leaves of O. japonicus and Sedum sarmentosum. The stomata in the other species were less on the upper surface than on the lower surface, and stomatal size was different in each species.

The great majority of stomatal types was the helico-eumesogenous type. This type was subdivided into two, parahelico-eumesogenous type and diahelico-eumesogenous type by us on the basis of the angle of division of guard mother cell and the long axis of the last-formed subsidiary cells. Sometimes allelo-eumesogenous type as well as aniso-eumesogenous type was found. The tetra-eumesogenous type with four mesogenous subsidiary cells was rarely observed. It was observed that the varieties of aniso-eumesogenous type with one to three subsidiary cells and one helix of subsidiary cells were developed by the secondary division of subsidiary cells of aniso-eumesogenous stoma. The compound shape of helico-eumesogenous stomata was found. Five new kinds of stomatal types were observed as follows; the helico-tetra-eumesogenous type, the coallelohelico-eumesogenous type, the cohelico-allelo-eumesogenous type, the duplotetra-eumesogenous type, and the aniso-euperigenous type. These types were reported here in the vascular plants for the first time.

Read the full text: click.ndsl.kr

Stomatal aperture dynamics and hysteresis

Role of hysteresis in stomatal aperture dynamics

by Ramos A. M. T., Prado C. P. C.  (2013)

in Phys. Rev. E 87, 012719

Abstract

Stomata are pores responsible for gas exchange in leaves. Several experiments indicate that stomata synchronize into clusters or patches. The patches’ coordination may produce oscillations in stomatal conductance. Previous studies claim to reproduce some experimental results. However, none was able to explain the variety of behavior observed in the stomatal dynamics. Recently, Ferraz and Prado suggested a realistic geometry of vein distribution. Although it reproduces the patches, no oscillation was observed and the patches remain static. Without exploring significant details, the authors stated that hysteresis in stomatal aperture could explain several experimental features. In this paper, the hysteresis hypothesis is further explored through the concept ofhysteretic operators. We have shown that the hysteresis assumption is sufficient to obtain dynamical patches and oscillations in stomatal conductance. The robustness of this hypothesis is tested by using different hysteresis operators. The model analysis reveals a dependence between the period of oscillation in stomatal conductance and the water deficit between the leaf and the environment. This underlying feature of the model might inspire further experiments to test this hypothesis.

See the text: APS

Stomata of Swiss Chard under artificial lighting

 

Growth, Stomatal Conductance, and Leaf Surface Temperature of Swiss Chard Grown Under Different Artificial Lighting Technologies

by Goins G. D. (2002)

in SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2338, 2002, doi:10.4271/2002-01-2338.

Abstract:

In controlled environment plant growth chambers, electric lamps provide photons necessary to drive photosynthesis. In order to determine the most productive, energy efficient, and safest way of providing light to plants for a given application, new lighting technologies are being evaluated by various researchers. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) represent an innovative lighting source with several appealing features specific for supporting plants whether on space-based transit vehicles or planetary life support systems. For this study, there was specific interest in Swiss chard ( Beta vulgaris L. cv. ‘Ruby Red Rhubarb’) because these plants are among “salad-type” species chosen for early mission testing on Space Station. Of particular interest, were the growth dynamics and gas exchange characteristics of Swiss chard grown under red LEDs at narrow wavebands, which give different ratios of blue quanta to far-red photons. These types of studies are important for understanding basic plant responses to artificial lighting systems in tightly controlled plant growth systems, and ultimately, for future considerations for space missions.

Read the text : SAE

Stomata and water vapor pressure deficit

 

Modeling the Response of Canopy Stomatal Conductance to Humidity

by Wang S., Yang Y., Trishchenko A. P., Barr A. G., Black T. A., McCaughey H. (2009)

in J. Hydrometeor, 10, 521–532.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008JHM1050.1

Abstract

Humidity of air is a key environmental variable in controlling the stomatal conductance (g) of plant leaves. The stomatal conductance–humidity relationships employed in the Ball–Woodrow–Berry (BWB) model and the Leuning model have been widely used in the last decade. Results of independent evaluations of the two models vary greatly. In this study, the authors develop a new diagnostic parameter that is based on canopy water vapor and CO₂ fluxes to assess the response of canopy g to humidity. Using eddy-covariance flux measurements at three boreal forest sites in Canada, they critically examine the performance of the BWB and the Leuning models. The results show that the BWB model, which employs a linear relationship between g and relative humidity (h_s), leads to large underestimates of g when the air is wet. The Leuning model, which employs a nonlinear function of water vapor pressure deficit (D_s), reduced this bias, but it still could not adequately capture the significant increase of g under the wet conditions. New models are proposed to improve the prediction of canopy g to humidity. The best performance was obtained by the model that employs a power function ofD_s, followed by the model that employs a power function of relative humidity deficit (1 − h_s). The results also indicate that models based on water vapor pressure deficit generally performed better than those based on relative humidity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the stomatal aperture responds to leaf water loss because water vapor pressure deficit rather than relative humidity directly affects the transpiration rate of canopy leaves.

Read the text: Am. Meteorol. Soc.

Stomata in early angiosperms

 

Stomatal development of early angiosperms

by Cann A. J. (2013)

Alan J. Cann

in AoB Blog Dec. 2013

Stomatal structure is highly conserved across land plants – a symmetric pair of specialized guard cells delimits a central pore. However, when viewed from a developmental perspective, the patterning of the stomatal complex (the stoma and neighbouring cells) differs among taxa. Most hypotheses of stomatal evolution in angiosperms are based on comparative studies of mature stomata of both extant and fossil taxa, with a primary focus on three widely recognized stomatal types – anomocytic, paracytic and stephanocytic – which differ in the patterning of their neighbour cells.

Understanding evolutionary pathways requires a more explicit phylogenetic context than over-simplistic comparisons between dicotyledons (a non-monophyletic group) and monocotyledons. Such comparisons are most commonly exemplified by the model organisms Arabidopsis and rice, respectively. A recent paper in Annals of Botany presents a novel ultrastructural study of developing stomata in leaves of Amborella (Amborellales), Nymphaea and Cabomba (Nymphaeales), and Austrobaileya and Schisandra (Austrobaileyales), which represent the three earliest-divergent lineages of extant angiosperms. The authors show that similar mature stomatal phenotypes can result from contrasting morphogenetic factors. Loss of asymmetric divisions in stomatal development could be a significant factor in land plant evolution, with implications for the diversity of key structural and physiological pathways.

Stomata in Argania

Photo credit: WVC 2007-04

Oued Elmaa Argan P1010148 copy.jpg

Argania forest in the Tindouf area (S.W. Algeria)

Variability of leaf stomatal density of adult trees of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels in the field

by Bani-Aameur F., Zahidi A. (2005)

in Acta Botanica Gallica: Botany Letters, Volume 152, Issue 3, 2005

Abstract

Stomatal density is recorded on both faces of the two types of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) leaves (simple and grouped) of 30 adult trees within three populations at Ait Melloul, Ait Baha and Argana, three sites in the south-west of Morocco, during three consecutive years, 1994–97. No stomata are observed at adaxial leaf surface characterizing argan as a hypostomatous species. Stomata density varies from 312 to 50 stomata per mm² for simple leaves and from 294 to 62 stomata per mm² for grouped leaves setting a large variability interval within argan populations. Tree genotype and its interaction with year are the sole significant sources of variation for simple or grouped leaves. Interpopulation (population) contribution to total variance is lower than intra-population (tree/population or its interaction with year). Repeatability (an estimate of broad sense heritability) values, 26.7% −38.3% for simple leaves and 18.1 to 46.1 for grouped leaves are relatively high within each population for this ecophysiological character.

Fruits and seeds of the argan tree – 2007-04 Oued Elmaa Argan P1010151 copy.jpg

Résumé

La densité des stomates a été examinée sur les deux faces des deux types de feuilles (simples et groupées) de 30 Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, arbres adultes dans chacune de trois populations à Ait Melloul, Ait Baha et Argana au sud-ouest du Maroc, pendant trois années consécutives, 1994–97. Nous n’avons pas observé de stomates sur la face adaxiale, ce qui caractérise l’Arganier comme une espèce hypostomatique. La densité des stomates varie entre 312 et 50 stomates par mm² pour les feuilles simples et de 294 à 62 stomates par mm² pour les feuilles groupées. Le génotype des arbres et son interaction avec l’année climatique étaient les seules sources de variation significatives quel que soit le type de feuille. La contribution de la variance interpopulation à la variance totale était plus faible que la contribution intrapopulation. Les valeurs de la répétabilité (une estimation de l’héritabilité au sens large) étaient relativement élevées dans chaque population montrant ainsi l’étendue de la variabilité de ce caractère écophysiologique.

See the text: Tandfonline