Qualitative and quantitative anatomical variations in epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes are of good taxonomic value for the studied Fabaceae species

=============

豆科植物种类的表皮细胞、气孔和毛发的定性和定量解剖变异具有良好的分类学价值。

As variações anatômicas qualitativas e quantitativas nas células epidérmicas, estômatos e tricomas têm um bom valor taxonômico para as espécies de Fabaceae estudadas.

Las variaciones anatómicas cualitativas y cuantitativas en las células epidérmicas, los estomas y los tricomas tienen un buen valor taxonómico para las especies de Fabaceae estudiadas.

=============

Light and scanning electron microscopic characterization of thirty endemic Fabaceae species of district Lahore, Pakistan

Shaheen S., Fateh R., Younis S., Harun N., Jaffer M., Hussain K., Ashfaq M., Siddique R., Mukhtar H., Khan F. (2020)

Shabnum Shaheen, Rozina Fateh, Sidra Younis, Nidaa Harun, Mehwish Jaffer, Khadim Hussain, Muhammad Ashfaq, Riffat Siddique, Hanan Mukhtar, Farah Khan,

Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan

===

Microscopy Research and Technique 83(12): 1507-1529 – https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.23545 –

https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jemt.23545

Abstract

In the present study anatomical characterization of 30 species of Fabaceae endemic to Lahore, Pakistan were done under light and scanning electron microscopy. Variety of qualitative and quantitative anatomical characters like epidermal cells shapes and size, stomata types, length, and width of guard cells, subsidiary cells, trichomes, silica bodies, shapes, and their numbers were studied. Overall polygonal, irregular smooth, thick walled epidermal cells were observed at both abaxial and adaxial surfaces except Dalbergia sisso Roxb in which hexagonal epidermal cells were reported. Milletia ovelifolia Kurz. possessed the largest length of epidermal cell i.e., 273.1 μm whereas Calliandra bella Benth. showed the smallest length i.e., 76.5 μm. Average width of epidermal cells ranged from 44 to 265.5 μm. M. ovelifolia Kurz had largest width while Acacia nilotica L. had the smallest width respectively. In adaxial surface epidermal cells length ranged 317 to 46.4 μm, Glycyrriza glabra L. showed the smallest length whereas Prosopis juliflora DC. had largest length. In adaxial numbers of stomata is high as compare to the abaxial surface, mostly paracytic, anisocytic, and anomocytic stomata were observed. There is not much variations observed in trichomes of studied members. Generally non glandular, unbranched, uniserate, mulicellular bulbous base with pointed tips were reported . Oval, rounded, triangular shaped silica bodies were observed in some species. It is concluded that qualitative and quantitative anatomical variations in epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes are of good taxonomic value for the studied Fabaceae species.

Anomocytic (aperigenous) stomata may result from suppression of the divisions of the meristemoid of paracytic type

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非细胞间(无产生)的气孔可能是由于拟缢细胞型中分生组织分裂的抑制所导致的。

Os estômatos anomocíticos (aperigênicos) podem resultar da supressão das divisões do meristemóide do tipo paracítico.

Los estomas anomocíticos (aperigénicos) pueden resultar de la supresión de las divisiones del meristematoide de tipo paracítico.

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Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Zornia Gmel

Kannabiran B. (1975)

Australian Journal of Botany 23(2): 327-333 – https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9750327 –

https://www.publish.csiro.au/bt/BT9750327

Abstract

Epidermal structure and development of stomata were studied in the vegetative and floral organs of Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. and Z. zeylonensis Pers. Most of the intercostal cells in leaflet, stipule, and bract are large-sized mucilaginous idioblasts. The swollen base of the idioblast compresses the basal part of the adjacent subsidiary or ordinary cell, which hence has a narrow base in contrast to that of the idioblast.

Para-mesogenous, aniso-, and tetra-mesoperigenous stomata occur in all organs of the above species. In addition, the outer epidermis of the ovary wall shows aperigenous (anomocytic) stomata. Stomata of the first three types are dolabrate, irrespective of their mesogenous or mesoperigenous development. These types are related, the differences between them depending on the nature of the placement of the second wall of the meristemoid. The present study lends support to an earlier contention that anomocytic (aperigenous) stomata may result from suppression of the divisions of the meristemoid of paracytic type. It is suggested that stomata flanked by two lateral, parallel, meso- genous subsidiaries which do not meet each other at least at one pole (incomplete), should be termed aniso- or tetra-mesoperigenous according to the total number of subsidiary cells of dual origin.

Variations in stomata of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Caspian ecosystem

Morphological variations in stomata epidermal cells and trichome of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Caspian ecosystem

Akbarinia M., Zarafshar M., Sattarian A., Sustani F. B., Ghanban E., Paridari I. C. (2011)

Taxonomy and Biosystematics 3(7): 23–32 – https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088906.13 – 

Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) stomata size was getting bigger with the higher concentration of colchicine

============

Pakcoy（Brassica rapa L.）的气孔随着秋水仙素浓度的增加而变大。

O tamanho dos estômatos do Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) estava aumentando com a maior concentração de colchicina.

El tamaño de los estomas de Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) estaba aumentando con la mayor concentración de colchicina.

=============

UKURAN STOMATA PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.) HASIL RENDAMAN KOLKISIN SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BIOLOGI

Hasana N., Sarno S., Hanum L. (2022)

Nurdiah Hasana, Sarno Sarno, Laila Hanum,

Universitas Sriwijaya

===

Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Biologi 6(2): 85 – DOI: 10.32502/dikbio.v6i2.4430 – 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366319119 

Abstract

Anatomi tumbuhan adalah mata kuliah wajib yang harus dipelajari oleh mahasiswa Program Studi Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi. Salah satu materi yang dibahas dalam anatomi tumbuhan adalah stomata pada daun. Peningkatan ukuran stomata yang diberi kolkisin dapat digunakan sebagai sumber belajar yang memudahkan mahasiswa saat melakukan pengamatan. Sumber belajar tentang stomata dapat menggunakan gambar dari penelitian eksperimen dengan memberikan perendaman biji (benih) pakcoy terlebih dahulu menggunakan kolkisin dengan konsentrasi K0 (0 mg/L), K1(250 mg/L), K2 (500 mg/L), dan K3 (750 mg/L). Pengamatan stomata dilakukan ketika pakcoy berumur 42 hari menggunakan metode replikasi. Stomata diamati menggunakan mikroskop binokuler olympus dengan perbesaran 40×10 yang dihubungkan dengan kamera mikroskop optilab advance by Miconos untuk pengambilan gambar. Pengukuran panjang dan lebar stomata menggunakan software image raster 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran stomata pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) semakin besar seiring dengan semakin tinggi konsentrasi kolkisin yang digunakan yang ditandai dengan pertambahan ukuran panjang dan lebar stomata. Ukuran stomata yang besar yang disajikan sebagai sumber belajar berupa gambar stomata pakcoy memudahkan mahasiswa dalam mengamati struktur dan bentuk stomata dan menentukan bagian-bagian stomata yang terdiri atas celah stoma, sel penutup dan sel tetangga.

—————————————

Plant anatomy is a compulsory subject that must be studied by students of Biology and Biology Education Study Programs. One of the materials discussed in plant anatomy is the stomata on the leaves. Increasing the size of stomata given colchicine can be used as a learning resource that makes it easier for students to make observations. The learning resource about stomata could use pictures from experimental research by soaking pakcoy seeds first using colchicine with concentrations of K0 (0 mg/L), K1(250 mg/L), K2 (500 mg/L), and K3 (750 mg/L). The stomata observation was carried out when the pakcoy were 42 days old using the replication method. The stomata were observed using an Olympus binocular microscope with a magnification of 40×10 connected to an optilab advance by Miconos microscope camera for image capture. The stomata length and width were measured using image raster 3 software. The results showed that pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) stomata size was getting bigger with the higher concentration of colchicine used which was indicated by the increase in the length and width of the stomata. The large size of stomata which was presented as a learning resource in the form of pictures of pakcoy stomata made it easier for students to observe the structure and shape of the stomata and determine the parts of the stomata which consisted of stoma slit, guard cells and neighboring cells.

The findings revealed the presence of five Euphorbiaceae species, all of which exhibited paracytic stomatal types

===========

研究结果显示存在五种大戟科植物，所有这些植物都表现出寄生型气孔类型。

Os resultados revelaram a presença de cinco espécies de Euphorbiaceae, todas as quais exibiam tipos estomáticos parasitários.

Los hallazgos revelaron la presencia de cinco especies de Euphorbiaceae, todas las cuales exhibieron tipos estomáticos parasitarios.

============

Anatomical Identification of Leaf Stomatal Cell Types in The Family Euphorbiaceae

Tambun M. L., Suri S., Siregar L. A. S., Mardiah S. R., Sarjani T. M. (2023)

Miduk Leonardo Tambun, Sirem Suri, Lili Anna Sari Siregar, Siti Rhadiatun Mardiah, Tri Mustika Sarjani,

===

JURNAL BIOLOGI TROPIS 23(1): 411-516 – DOI: 10.29303/jbt.v23i1.6305 – 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377494392

Abstract

Stomata, which are specialized cells on the surface of leaves, undergo modification to form structures containing two guard cells. These cells play a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of water vapor and gases between the plant’s internal environment and the surrounding atmosphere. Typically located on plant parts exposed to air, such as leaves, stems, and rhizomes, stomata distribution varies among different species. While some plants exhibit stomata on both upper and lower leaf surfaces, others, like water lilies, exclusively feature stomata on the upper side.The objective of the current investigation was to analyze the stomatal anatomy of various plant species within the Euphorbiaceae family. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, the study aimed to characterize and interpret the stomatal types present on the leaves of Euphorbiaceae plants in the Langsa City region. The findings revealed the presence of five Euphorbiaceae species in Langsa City, including Euphorbia mili (jade fern), Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas), Codiaeum variegatum ‘Norma’ (norma puring), Codiaeum variegatum Bi (jet puring), and Codiaeum finger (finger puring), all of which exhibited parasitic stomatal types.

Leaf stomatal anatomy of the two forms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to investigate if stomatal anatomy was informative separating purple and white flower forms

=============

叶片气孔解剖的两种形态利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）以探究气孔解剖是否能够区分紫色和白色花型。

Anatomia estomática foliar das duas formas utilizando microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) para investigar se a anatomia estomática fornecia informações para separar as formas de flores roxas e brancas.

Anatomía estomática foliar de las dos formas utilizando microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) para investigar si la anatomía estomática proporcionaba información para separar las formas de flores moradas y blancas.

===============

Taxonomic implications from leaf stomatal anatomy of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. (Apocynaceae) found in Matara, Sri Lanka

Abeysinghe P. (2023)

Pushpa Abeysinghe,

• University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
• Conference: Proceedings of 4th Ruhuna International Science & Technology Conference – At: University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

Abstract

Identification of purple and white flower forms of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. (Apocynaceae) found in Sri Lanka is impossible using only morphological characters when there are no flowers in the plant. Flowering is seasonal. In this study, we explored leaf stomatal anatomy of the two forms using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to investigate if stomatal anatomy was informative separating them. Amphistomatic stomatal complexes are eliptical, sunken, irregularly scattered and conspicuous across the epidermis. The lower and upper surfaces of both forms exhibit cuticular striations. Organization and arrangement of the straiae around the stomata are different in both forms and each form has its unique organization. In the white form, the individual stomata on both surfaces are separated from one another by 5-6 bundles or clusters of cuticular materials and straiations that originated at the tips of the stomata are radiated outwards. Such an organization is not observed in the purple form. In the purple form, clear thread like cuticle striations are remarkable on both abaxial and adxial surfaces. Adjacent stomata are usually interconnected by the heavily cutinized few to several thread like bundles of ornaments which are originated around the stomata and each bundle consist of 5 -8 parallel striae and they are not confined to areas around the stomata but distribution occurs over the other cells; stomatal subsidiary and normal epidermal cells. Accordingly, the results of organization and arrangement of the cuticular straiae around the stomata have provided characters to identify the two floral forms which would also be valuable as the correct identification is important to conserve the white form, which is rare and also medicinally important.

Anatomical variations among the three Rhizophora species, including epidermal cell size, number of epidermal cells, cork warts, number of hypodermis cell layers, hypodermis cell size, stomata size, number of stomata, stomata index, and stomata density

=============

三种红树林物种的解剖变异，包括表皮细胞大小、表皮细胞数量、软木疙瘩、下表皮细胞层数量、下表皮细胞大小、气孔大小、气孔数量、气孔指数和气孔密度。

Variações anatômicas entre as três espécies de Rhizophora, incluindo tamanho das células epidérmicas, número de células epidérmicas, verrugas de cortiça, número de camadas de células da hipoderme, tamanho das células da hipoderme, tamanho dos estômatos, número de estômatos, índice estomático e densidade estomática.

Variaciones anatómicas entre las tres especies de Rhizophora, incluyendo el tamaño de las células epidérmicas, el número de células epidérmicas, las verrugas de corcho, el número de capas de células de la hipodermis, el tamaño de las células de la hipodermis, el tamaño de los estomas, el número de estomas, el índice de estomas y la densidad de estomas.

==============

Anatomical Characteristics of Rhizophora’s Leaves as Mangrove Plant Adaptation at Banyuurip Mangrove Center

Putri R.Y., Bashri A. ( 2023)

Risma Yulinda Putri, Ahmad Bashri,

Jurnal Riset Biologi dan Aplikasinya 5(2): 98-109 – DOI: 10.26740/jrba.v5n2.p98-109 – 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374438841

Abstract and figures

Rhizophora is a genus of mangrove plants that dominates the Banyuurip Mangrove Center. This plant certainly has an anatomical structure as a form of adaptation to high salinity environments. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomical characteristics of the leaves of the three Rhizophora species as an adaptation form of mangrove plants in the Banyuurip Mangrove Center and the anatomical variations of the leaves between species. This type of research was descriptive observational in the form of leaf anatomy observations using the whole mount method for longitudinal incisions and the paraffin method for transverse incisions. The results showed that there were anatomical variations among the three Rhizophora species in the Banyuurip Mangrove Center including epidermal cell size, number of epidermal cells, cork warts, number of hypodermis cell layers, hypodermis cell size, stomata size, number of stomata, stomata index, and stomata density. The anatomical characteristics of the leaves of the three Rhizophora species which act as a form of adaptation to mangrove plants are the presence of hypodermis tissue which functions to store water and salt to remove salt content in plants when they abort their leaves, low density of stomata and the presence of cuticles on the adaxial surface of leaves which play a role in reducing the rate of transpiration thus maintaining water to support plant development in saline conditions, cork warts which function as a medium for expelling salt on leaves.

The transition from ABA-driven stomatal closure to passively driven stomatal closure as drought progresses in this species occurs at very low water potentials facilitated by highly embolism-resistant xylem : implications for understanding stomatal control during drought in angiosperms

==========

在这种植物中，随着干旱的进展，从ABA驱动的气孔关闭过渡到被动驱动的气孔关闭，发生在非常低的水势下，得益于高度抗栓塞的木质部：对于理解被子植物在干旱期间的气孔控制具有重要意义。

A transição do fechamento estomático impulsionado por ABA para o fechamento estomático passivamente conduzido, à medida que a seca avança nesta espécie, ocorre em potenciais de água muito baixos facilitados por xilema altamente resistente a embolias: implicações para compreender o controle estomático durante a seca em angiospermas.

La transición del cierre estomático impulsado por ABA al cierre estomático conducido pasivamente, a medida que avanza la sequía en esta especie, ocurre a potenciales de agua muy bajos facilitados por xilema altamente resistente a la embolia: implicaciones para comprender el control estomático durante la sequía en angiospermas.

===============

Passive stomatal closure under extreme drought in an angiosperm species

Scott A. M. McAdam, Manandhar A., Kane C. N., Mercado-Reyes J. A. (2023)

Scott A. M. McAdam, Anju Manandhar, Cade N. Kane, Joel A. Mercado-Reyes,

===

Journal of Experimental Botany – erad510 – https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad510 – 

https://academic.oup.com/jxb/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jxb/erad510/7503495?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=true&itm_medium=sidebar&itm_source=trendmd-widget&itm_campaign=Journal_of_Experimental_Botany&itm_content=Journal_of_Experimental_Botany_0 

Abstract

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in closing the stomata of angiosperms. However, recent reports of some angiosperm species having a peaking-type ABA dynamic, in which under extreme drought ABA levels decline to pre-stressed levels, raises the possibility that passive stomatal closure by leaf water status alone can occur in species from this lineage. To test this hypothesis, we conducted instantaneous rehydration experiments in the peaking-type species Umbellularia californica through a long-term drought, in which ABA levels declined to pre-stress levels, yet stomata remain closed. We found that when ABA levels were lowest during extreme drought, stomata reopen rapidly to maximum rates of gas exchange on instantaneous rehydration, suggesting that the stomata of U. californica were passively closed by leaf water status alone. This contrasts with leaves early in drought, in which ABA levels were highest and stomata did not reopen on instantaneous rehydration. The transition from ABA-driven stomatal closure to passively driven stomatal closure as drought progresses in this species occurs at very low water potentials facilitated by highly embolism-resistant xylem. These results have important implications for understanding stomatal control during drought in angiosperms.

The characteristics (number, density, type, shape, and size) of leaf stomata of plants of the Sapindaceae family in the Malabar forest of Malang City

=================

马朗市马拉巴尔森林中无患子科植物叶气孔的特征（数量、密度、类型、形状和大小）。

As características (número, densidade, tipo, forma e tamanho) dos estômatos foliares das plantas da família Sapindaceae na floresta de Malabar, na cidade de Malang.

Las características (número, densidad, tipo, forma y tamaño) de los estomas foliares de las plantas de la familia Sapindaceae en el bosque de Malabar de la ciudad de Malang.

=============

Stomata Leaves Characteristics of Sapindaceae Family in Malabar Forest, Malang City

Nurrohman E., Latifa R., Hadi S. (2022)

Endrik Nurrohman, Roimil Latifa, Samsun Hadi,

===

BioScience 6(2): 73 – DOI: 10.24036/0202262118189-0-00 – 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366104577

Abstract

Malabar forests are composed of various plant families, one of which is the Sapindaceae family. Differences in family, plant species, and environmental factors can affect the number of stomata and the size of plant cells. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics (number, density, type, shape, and size) of leaf stomata of plants of the Sapindaceae family in the Malabar forest of Malang City. This type of research is descriptive. The research was conducted in the Malabar City Forest of Malang City and the Biology Laboratory of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The study started from March 2021 to September 2021. The sampling technique was carried out using the cruising method. The method of collecting stomatal characteristics data using a light microscope and Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM). The research data obtained were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results showed that (1) there were 5 types of plants from the Sapindaceae family, there were variations in the size of the stomata parts of the Sapindaceae (2) family, the longest guard cell length was the stomata of the matoa leaf (22.4 m), the widest guard cell width was the matoa leaf (14.1 m). The longest pore length of rambutan leaves (15.8 m), and the widest pore width of longan leaf stomata (3.88 m), overall stomata are kidney-shaped, stomata types are anomocytic, paracytic, and cyclocytic, the highest stomata density kiara payung leaves (37.44 cells/mm2).

===========

Hutan malabar terdiri dari berbagai famili tumbuhan, salah satunya adalah famili Sapindaceae. Perbedaan famili, jenis tumbuhan, dan faktor lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi jumlah stomata dan ukuran sel tumbuhan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik (jumlah, kerapatan, jenis, bentuk, dan ukuran) stomata daun tumbuhan famili Sapindaceae di hutan Malabar Kota Malang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan di Hutan Kota Malabar Kota Malang dan Laboratorium Biologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Penelitian dimulai pada bulan Maret 2021 hingga September 2021. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode cruising. Metode pengumpulan data karakteristik stomata menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM). Data penelitian yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat 5 jenis tumbuhan dari famili Sapindaceae, terdapat variasi ukuran bagian stomata dari famili Sapindaceae (2) panjang sel penjaga yang paling panjang adalah stomata daun matoa (22,4 m), lebar sel penjaga terluas adalah daun matoa (14,1 m). Panjang pori terpanjang daun rambutan (15,8 m), dan lebar pori terlebar stomata daun kelengkeng (3,88 m), stomata keseluruhan berbentuk ginjal, tipe stomata anomositik, parasitik, dan siklositik, kerapatan stomata tertinggi daun kiara payung (37,44 sel/mm2).

Growth, stomata, and trichome characteristics of diploids compared to tetraploid plants

============

生长、气孔和毛细孔特征与四倍体植物相比的二倍体植物

Características de crescimento, estômatos e tricomas de diploides comparadas às plantas tetraploides.

Características de crecimiento, estomas y tricomas de diploides comparadas con las plantas tetraploides.

============

Growth, stomata and trichome characteristics of diploid and tetraploid Artemisia annua L. plants

Normasiwi S., Efendi M., Rahman W., Hafiizh E. A., Ermayanti T. M., Lelono R., Yunarto N. (2021)

Suluh Normasiwi, Muhammad Efendi, Wajeeha Rahman, E. A. Hafiizh, T. M. Ermayanti, R. A. Lelono, N. Yunarto,

===

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 762(1): 012022 – DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/762/1/012022 – 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351540888

Abstract and figures

Tetraploid A. annua have been reported to have higher artemisinin level compared to diploid plants. This research aimed to evaluate growth, stomata, and trichome characteristics of diploids compared to tetraploid plants. Two accessions of diploids (K.I.B and K1.2.2) and two accessions of tetraploid plants (K2.2.9 and K3.2.1) V0M1 were grown in the field for 11 weeks. Growth of plants was investigated every week by measuring plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh and dry weights. Density and size of stomata were observed using light microscopy; the number of trichomes was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The artemisinin level was analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the plant height of both diploid and tetraploid plants was comparable. From week-1 to week-11, all plants still increased in their plant height. Similarly, numbers of branches also increased except for diploid K.I.B plants. The highest growth rate of numbers of branches was found in tetraploid clone K3.2.1. However, the highest biomass production was found in diploid clone K1.2.2. The artemisinin level of tetraploid plants was higher than that of diploid plants. The level of ploidy was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis.