In grapevine, sulfated laminarin (PS3) penetration rate was much higher on the stomateous abaxial surface of the leaf than on the adaxial surface, able to penetrate the leaf cuticle only when formulated with Dehscofix CO125 (DE)

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在葡萄藤中，硫酸化的拉曼纤维素（PS3）在叶片的气孔背面表面上的渗透率远高于叶片的上表面，在与Dehscofix CO125（DE）配制时才能穿透叶子的角质层。

Na videira, a taxa de penetração da laminarina sulfatada (PS3) foi muito maior na superfície abaxial estomática da folha do que na superfície adaxial, sendo capaz de penetrar na cutícula da folha apenas quando formulada com Dehscofix CO125 (DE).

En la vid, la tasa de penetración de la laminarina sulfatada (PS3) fue mucho más alta en la superficie abaxial estomática de la hoja que en la superficie adaxial, siendo capaz de penetrar la cutícula de la hoja solo cuando se formula con Dehscofix CO125 (DE).

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An ethoxylated surfactant enhances the penetration of the sulfated laminarin through leaf cuticle and stomata, leading to increased induced resistance against grapevine downy mildew

Paris F., Krzyżaniak Y., Gauvrit C., Jamois F., Domergue F., Joubès J., Ferrières V., Adrian M., Legentil L., Daire X., Trouvelot S. (2015)

Franck Paris, Yuko Krzyżaniak, Christian Gauvrit, Frank Jamois, Frédéric Domergue, Jérôme Joubès, Vincent Ferrières, Marielle Adrian, Laurent Legentil, Xavier Daire, Sophie Trouvelot,

Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Dijon, France

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Physiologia Plantarum 156(3): 338-350 – https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12394 –

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppl.12394

Abstract

Some β-1,3-glucans and particularly sulfated laminarin (PS3) are known as resistance inducers (RIs) in grapevine against the downy mildew. However, their efficacy in vineyard is still often too low, which might be caused by a limited penetration through the leaf cuticle following spray application. We used ¹⁴C-sucrose uptake experiments with grapevine leaves in order to select a surfactant as saccharide penetration enhancer. Our results showed that although sucrose foliar uptake was low, it was strongly enhanced by Dehscofix CO125 (DE), a highly ethoxylated surfactant. Fluorescent saccharides were then produced and laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze their foliar diffusion pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana and grapevine. Interestingly, sucrose and PS3 were seemingly able to penetrate the leaf cuticle only when formulated with DE. Diffusion could preferentially occur via stomata, anticlinal cell walls and trichomes. In grapevine, PS3 penetration rate was much higher on the stomateous abaxial surface of the leaf than on the adaxial surface. Finally, using DE allowed a higher level of downy mildew control by PS3, which corroborated diffusion observations. Our results have practical consequences for the improvement of treatments with saccharidic inducers on grape. That is, formulation of such RIs plays a critical role for their cuticular diffusion and consequently their efficacy. Also, spray application should preferentially target the abaxial surface of the leaves in order to maximize their penetration.

The effects of sugars, especially trehalose and T6P, on grapevine stomatal movements

Trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate induce stomatal movements and interfere with ABA-induced stomatal closure in grapevine

Gamm M., Héloir M.-C., Adrian M. (2015)

Magdalena Gamm, Marie-Claire Héloir, Marielle Adrian,

Vol. 49 No. 3 (2015): Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin – DOI:https://doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2015.49.3.84 –

https://oeno-one.eu/article/view/84

Abstract

Aims: The effects of trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), among other sugars, were assessed on grapevine stomatal movements.

Methods and results: Epidermal peels were used to assess the effects of sugars. Low concentrations of trehalose and T6P (1 µM) induced an osmotic-independent reduction of the stomatal aperture in light conditions. Furthermore, ABA-induced stomatal closure was reduced by sugar application in association with lower accumulation of reactive oxygen species in guard cells. Similar effects, although weaker, were observed in response to the disaccharides sucrose and maltose, but not in response to the monosaccharides fructose and glucose.

Conclusion: This study clearly highlights the effects of sugars, especially trehalose and T6P, on grapevine stomatal movements.

Significance and impact of the study: This is the first time that such effects are described in grapevine and the results obtained provide new insights about the role of sugars on stomatal regulation at the whole plant level.

Two Glycoproteins Involved in Stomatal Deregulation

Multiple step filtering pipeline of the protein list for fraction 10 of Plasmopara viticola–infected grapevine leaves (IAF[F10]). Prediction tools were successively applied on the Vitis vinifera and Phytophthora infestans protein lists (the Phytophthora infestans databank was used for this study because of the lack of a Plasmopara viticola databank). The numbers of proteins that matched to the selective criteria are indicated in bold. The TMHMM program, ProtComp server, and the Fungal Secretome Database (FSD) were used to select extracellular and secretory proteins in V. vinifera and Phytophthora infestans, respectively. Only proteins that contain one or no transmembrane domain (TM) were admitted. Among the V. vinifera list, extracellular (ExtraC) and plasma membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins were retained. In the Phytophthora infestans list, only predicted secreted proteins were retained (according to FSD). Next, additional compulsory criteria were determined from experimental conditions, including the presence of N-glycosylation sites (GlycoEP server) and lack of paired-oxidized cysteine residue [Cys_(ox)] (estimated with DiANNA software). Finally, proteins containing conserved domains (CDomains; National Center for Biotechnology Information) related to guard cells functioning were picked.

Toward the Identification of Two Glycoproteins Involved in the Stomatal Deregulation of Downy Mildew-Infected Grapevine Leaves

by Guillier C., Gamm M., Lucchi G., Truntzer C., Pecqueur D., Ducoroy P., Adrian M., Héloir M.-C., (2015)

• Christelle Guillier¹
• Magdalena Gamm²
• Géraldine Lucchi³
• Caroline Truntzer³
• Delphine Pecqueur³
• Patrick Ducoroy³
• Marielle Adrian²
• Marie-Claire Héloir²

1. ¹CNRS, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France;
2. ²Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, F-21000 Dijon, France;
3. ³Clinical Innovation Proteomic Platform – CLIPP, 15 Boulevard Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, BP37013, F-21070 Dijon cedex, France

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In Mol. Plant Microbe. Interact. 28: 1227–1236 – https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-05-15-0115-R –

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/MPMI-05-15-0115-R

Abstract

Stomata remain abnormally opened and unresponsive to abscisic acid in grapevine leaves infected by downy mildew. This deregulation occurs from 3 days postinoculation and increases concomitantly with leaf colonization by the pathogen.

Using epidermal peels, we demonstrated that the active compound involved in this deregulation is located in the apoplast. Biochemical assays showed that the active compound present in the apoplastic fluids isolated from Plasmopara viticola–infected grapevine leaves (IAF) is a CysCys bridge-independent, thermostable and glycosylated protein.

Fractionation guided assays based on chromatography coupled to stomatal response and proteomic analysis allowed the identification of both plant and pathogen proteins in the active fraction obtained from IAF.

Further in silico analysis and discriminant filtrations based on the comparison between predictions and experimental indications lead to the identification of two Vitis vinifera proteins as candidates for the observed stomatal deregulation.

Grapevine stomata and the elicitor-induced protection against downy mildew

 

 

Are Grapevine Stomata Involved in the Elicitor-Induced Protection Against Downy Mildew?

by Allègre M., Héloir M.-C., Trouvelot S., Daire X., Pugin A., Wendehenne D., Marielle Adrian M. (2009)

Mathilde Allègre, Marie-Claire Héloir, Sophie Trouvelot, Xavier Daire, Alain Pugin, D. Wendehenne, Marielle Adrian,

Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/ Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France

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in Molecular plant-microbe interactions 22(8): 977-986 – https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-8-0977 –

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/MPMI-22-8-0977

Stomata, natural pores bordered by guard cells, regulate transpiration and gas exchanges between plant leaves and the atmosphere. These natural openings also constitute a way of penetration for microorganisms.

In plants, the perception of potentially pathogenic microorganisms or elicitors of defense reactions induces a cascade of events, including H₂O₂ production, that allows the activation of defense genes, leading to defense reactions.

Similar signaling events occur in guard cells in response to the perception of abscisic acid (ABA), leading to stomatal closure. Moreover, few elicitors were reported to induce stomatal closure in Arabidopsis and Vicia faba leaves.

Because responses to ABA and elicitors share common signaling events, it led us to question whether stomatal movements and H₂O₂ production in guard cells could play a key role in elicitor-induced protection against pathogens that use stomata for infection.

This study was performed using the grapevine–Plasmopara viticola pathosystem. Using epidermal peels, we showed that, as for ABA, the elicitor-induced stomatal closure is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells.

In plants, we observed that the protection against downy mildew induced by some elicitors is probably not due only to effects on stomatal movements or to a guard-cell-specific activation of ROS production.

 

Stomata and the Elicitor-Induced Protection Against Downy Mildew

Are Grapevine Stomata Involved in the Elicitor-Induced Protection Against Downy Mildew?

Allègre M., Héloir M.-C., Trouvelot S., Daire X., Pugin A., Wendehenne D., Adrian M. (2009)

Mathilde Allègre, Marie-Claire Héloir, Sophie Trouvelot, Xavier Daire, Alain Pugin, D. Wendehenne, Marielle Adrian,

Unité Mixte de Recherche INRA 1088/CNRS 5184/ Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex, France

MPMI 22(8): 977–986. – doi:10.1094/ MPMI -22-8-0977 –

http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdf/10.1094/MPMI-22-8-0977

Stomata, natural pores bordered by guard cells, regulate transpiration and gas exchanges between plant leaves and the atmosphere. These natural openings also constitute a way of penetration for microorganisms.

In plants, the perception of potentially pathogenic microorganisms or elicitors of defense reactions induces a cascade of events, including H2O2 production, that allows the activation of defense genes, leading to defense reactions.

Similar signaling events occur in guard cells in response to the perception of abscisic acid (ABA), leading to stomatal closure.

Moreover, few elicitors were reported to induce stomatal closure in Arabidopsis and Vicia faba leaves. Because responses to ABA and elicitors share common signaling events, it led us to question whether stomatal movements and H2O2 production in guard cells could play a key role in elicitor-induced protection against pathogens that use stomata for infection.

This study was performed using the grapevine– Plasmopara viticola pathosystem. Using epidermal peels, we showed that, as for ABA, the elicitor-induced stomatal closure is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in guard cells.

In plants, we observed that the protection against downy mildew induced by some elicitors is probably not due only to effects on stomatal movements or to a guard-cell-specific activation of ROS production.

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