Guard cell deformations in plant stomata

 

A finite element shell analysis of guard cell deformations.

by Cooke J. R., De Baerdemaeker J. G., Rand R. H., Mang H. A. (1976)

J. Robert Cooke

Josse G. De Baerdemaeker

Richard H. Rand, Cornell University

Herbert A Mang

 

in Trans ASAE (Am Soc Agric Eng) 19 1107–1121. –

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274492871_A_Finite_Element_Shell_Analysis_of_Guard_Cell_Deformations

Abstract

An elliptical torus model of kidney-shaped guard cells has been presented and analyzed using the finite element method.

Computer-generated perspective figures have been presented to illustrate predicted deformations. Parameter sensitivity studies have been performed to explore the influence of guard cell and epidermal cell pressures, micellae, wall thickness, and guard cell geometry.

====================

http://audiophile.tam.cornell.edu/randpdf/guardcel.pdf

J. Robert Cooke, Josse G. De Baerdemaeker, Richard H. Rand, Herbert A. Mang,

MTs in GCs of developing stomata are nucleated in the cell cortex

 

Reinstatement of microtubule arrays from cortical nucleating sites in stomatal complexes of Lolium rigidum following depolymerisation of microtubules by oryzalin and high pressure

by Cleary A. L., Hardham A. R. (1990) 

Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University P.O. Box 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

1. Ann L. Cleary

2. 

   Adrienne R. Hardham, ANU, Canberra

in Plant Cell Physiol. 31, 903-915. –

http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/7/903.abstract

Abstract

Immunofluorescence visualization of microtubule (MT) arrays in stomatal complexes of Lolium rigidum shows that disassembly of the arrays can be successfully achieved using oryzalin or high pressure treatments.

Under conditions allowing for MT recovery, MTs reappear within an hour after oryzalin or within 5 min after high pressure treatment. During recovery guard mother cells (GMCs) nucleate MTs at sites distributed randomly in the cell cortex. Even after 22 h of recovery the MTs are not arranged into any configuration found in untreated tissue. This inability to reorganize their MTs after treatment makes GMCs more sensitive to the loss of MTs than are other cells of the leaf.

In guard cells (GCs) MTs reappear around the pore at the junction of the periclinal and ventral walls. They subsequently appear throughout most of the cell cortex and the majority of stomatal complexes recover fully organized MT arrays indistinguishable from those in untreated cells.

The results support and extend ultrastructural and immunofluorescence observations that suggest that MTs in GCs of developing stomata are nucleated in the cell cortex.

Stomata in fruit of Iris

 

On the stomata in the fruit of Iris pseudacorus Linn.

by Bretland Farmer J. (1889)

in Ann. Bot. (Lond.). (4): 174-176. –

http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/os-4/1/174.extract#

 

Extract

174.extract.jpg

Stomata in sugar cane (Saccharum, monocots)

 

A comparative study of the stem epidermis of certain sugarcane varieties.

by A r t s c h w a g e r  E. (1930)

in J. Agric. Res. 41: 853-865. –

https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=IND43967783&content=PDF

By ERNST ARTSCHWAGER

Pathologist, Office of Sugar Plants, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture

INTRODUCTION

A casual examination of the anatomical structure of the stem epidermis in certain varieties of sugarcane revealed, among even the most uniform specimens, differences that seemed to merit more detailed study.

Such differences, if established, would, it was hoped, supply diagnostic characters of value in classifying varieties and in determining relationships. Representative varieties of four species of sugarcane {Saccharum officinarum, S, sinense, S. barberi, and S. spontaneum) and of several species hybrids which were examined seemed to offer a sufficiently wide range of material within the genus to justify a preliminary study for the purpose of establishing whether these structures might be useful for the purpose.

The existence of certain varietal differences was already known to Wieler, who, in studying the structure of the sugarcane stem, examined the epidermis of several varieties and noted that in certain canes the siliceous epidermal cells were very abundant while in others they were much fewer in number.

Wieler also described in detail the structure and development of these siliceous cells, but his conceptions were greatly modified in a later investigation by Frohnmeyer. The observations of Wieler were extended by Mameli de Calvino  in her study of the anatomy of Cuban canes. She noticed that varieties differed in the size of the different types of epidermal cells, the thickness of the walls, and the distribution of the stomata.

Increase of stomatal density with cytokinin

 

Cytokinin activity increases stomatal density and transpiration rate in tomato

by Farber M., Attia Z., Weiss D. (2016)

Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel

1. Mika Farber,
2. Ziv Attia
3. David Weiss

in J. Exp. Bot. (2016) 67 (22):6351-6362.doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw398 – 

http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/22/6351.short?rss=1

Abstract

Previous studies on cytokinin (CK) and drought have suggested that the hormone has positive and negative effects on plant adaptation to restrictive conditions. This study examined the effect of CK on transpiration, stomatal activity, and response to drought in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants.

Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana CK-degrading enzyme CK oxidase/dehydrogenase 3 (CKX3) maintained higher leaf water status under drought conditions due to reduced whole-plant transpiration. The reduced transpiration could be attributed to smaller leaf area and reduced stomatal density.

CKX3-overexpressing plants contained fewer and larger pavement cells and fewer stomata per leaf area than wild-type plants. In addition, wild-type leaves treated with CK exhibited enhanced transpiration and had more pavement cells and increased numbers of stomata per leaf area than untreated leaves.

Manipulation of CK levels did not affect stomatal movement or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure. Moreover, we found no correlation between stomatal aperture and the activity of the CK-induced promoter Two-Component Signaling Sensor(TCS) in guard cells.

Previous studies have shown that drought reduces CK levels, and we propose this to be a mechanism of adaptation to water deficiency: the reduced CK levels suppress growth and reduce stomatal density, both of which reduce transpiration, thereby increasing tolerance to prolonged drought conditions.

Interactions between ABA and BR signaling are important for the regulation of stomatal closure

 

Brassinosteroids modulate ABA-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis

by Ha Y., Shang Y., Nam K. H. (2016)

Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea

1. Yunmi Ha,
2. Yun Shang
3. Kyoung Hee Nam

in J. Exp. Bot. (2016) 67 (22):6297-6308.doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw385 – 

http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/67/22/6297.short?rss=1

Abstract

Stomatal movement in response to water availability is an important physiological process in the survival of land plants.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate stomatal closure. The physiological functions of ABA and BRs, including germination, cell elongation and stomatal movement, are generally known to be antagonistic.

Here, we investigated how BRs affect stomatal movement alone and in combination with ABA. We demonstrate that brassinoslide (BL), the most active BR, promotes stomatal closure in an ABA-independent manner. Interestingly, BL also inhibited ABA-induced stomatal closure when a high concentration of BL was added to ABA.

Furthermore, we found that the induction of some genes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by ABA (AtrbohD, NIA1 and NIA2) and subsequent ROS production were repressed by BL treatment.

The BR signaling mutant bri1-301 failed to inhibit ABA-induced stomatal closure upon BL treatment. However, BRI1-overexpressing transgenic plants were hypersensitive to ABA during stomatal closure, and BL reversed ABA-induced stomatal closure more completely than in wild type plants.

Taken together, these results suggest that BRs can positively and negatively modulate ABA-induced stomatal closure. Therefore, interactions between ABA and BR signaling are important for the regulation of stomatal closure.

Synteny and identification of candidate genes underlying QTL controlling stomatal traits

 

Use of synteny to identify candidate genes underlying QTL controlling stomatal traits in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

by Khazaei H., O’Sullivan D., Silanpää M. J., Stoddard F. L. (2014)

Hamid Khazaei, University of Saskatchewan

Donal O’Sullivan, University of Reading

Mikko J Sillanpää, University of Oulu

Frederick L. Stoddard, University of Helsinki

in Theoretical and Applied Genetics 127(11) · September 2014 – DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2383-y –

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265342275_Use_of_synteny_to_identify_candidate_genes_underlying_QTL_controlling_stomatal_traits_in_faba_bean_Vicia_faba_L

Key message

We have identified QTLs for stomatal characteristics on chromosome II of faba bean by applying SNPs derived from Medicago truncatula, and have identified candidate genes within these QTLs using synteny between the two species.

Abstract

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a valuable food and feed crop worldwide, but drought often limits its production, and its genome is large and poorly mapped. No information is available on the effects of genomic regions and genes on drought adaptation characters such as stomatal characteristics in this species, but the synteny between the sequenced model legume, Medicago truncatula, and faba bean can be used to identify candidate genes.

A mapping population of 211 F5 recombinant inbred lines (Mélodie/2 × ILB 938/2) were phenotyped to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting stomatal morphology and function, along with seed weight, under well-watered conditions in a climate-controlled glasshouse in 2013 and 2014. Canopy temperature (CT) was evaluated in 2013 under water-deficit (CTd).

In total, 188 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), developed from M. truncatula genome data, were assigned to nine linkage groups that covered ~928 cM of the faba bean genome with an average inter-marker distance of 5.8 cM. 15 putative QTLs were detected, of which eight (affecting stomatal density, length and conductance and CT) co-located on chromosome II, in the vicinity of a possible candidate gene—a receptor-like protein kinase found in the syntenic interval of M. truncatula chromosome IV.

A ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase from M. truncatula chromosome V, postulated as a possible candidate gene for the QTL for CTd, was found some distance away in the same chromosome.

These results demonstrate that genomic information from M. truncatula can successfully be translated to the faba bean genome.

Stomatal characteristics and the environment

 

Do faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions from environments with contrasting seasonal moisture availabilities differ in stomatal characteristics and related traits?

by Khazaei H., Street K., Santanen A., Bari A., Stoddard F. L. (2013)

Hamid Khazaei, University of Saskatchewan

Arja Santanen, University of Helsinki

Frederick L. Stoddard, University of Helsinki

in Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. (2013) 60: 2343. – doi:10.1007/s10722-013-0002-46363 –

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10722-013-0002-4

Abstract

Drought is a major constraint to faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production, and there are many mechanisms by which leaves can regulate water loss. Our primary objective was to test if the origin of the faba bean accessions, from drought-prone and non-drought-prone environments, was associated with differences in measurable aspects of stomatal morphology and physiology related to water use.

Two sets, each consisting of 201 faba bean accessions, were chosen from environments with contrasting seasonal moisture profiles following the focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS), and then screened under well watered conditions. From these, two subsets of 10 accessions each were chosen to test for differences in response to drought.

Parameters related to stomatal function and water status were measured. The dry-adapted set had bigger stomata, higher leaf relative water content (LRWC) and cooler leaves under well watered conditions. Stomatal density and stomatal area per unit area of leaflet were negatively correlated with gas exchange parameters and positively correlated with intrinsic water use efficiency.

Drought caused stomatal densities to increase in the dry set while stomatal length decreased in both sets. The moisture deficit was sufficient to decrease gas exchange in both sets to similar levels, but the dry-adapted set maintained warmer leaves and a higher LRWC that showed no significant correlations with leaf morphology or gas exchange, demonstrating more effective stomatal regulation.

The results also support that collection site data from the environment where genetic resources are collected can be used as indicators of adaptive traits in an herbaceous annual species.

Stomatal density in coconut

 

Stomatal density in varieties and from of the coconut.

by Manthriratna M.A.P.P., Sambasivam S. (1974)

Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, Sri Lanka.

in Ceylon Coconut Q. 25: 105-108. –

http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/1/19964/COCOQ-25(3-4)-105.pdf?sequence=2

SUMMARY

An assessment of stomatal densities of varieties and forms of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.), indicates that this may be a varietal characteristic.

Variations due to the environment are negligible. All three colour forms of the self-pollinating nana variety have more stomata per unit area of leaf surface than the varieties typica and aurantiaca.

Stomatal density may be of use in identifying typica x pumila F1 hybrids.

Stomata in barley

 

Frequency and distribution of stomata in barley.

by Miskin K. E., Rasmusson D. C. (1970)

Dep. Agron. Univ. Minnesota, St Paul.

in Crop Sci. 10(5): 575-578. – doi:10.2135/cropsci1970.0011183X001000050038x –

https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs/abstracts/10/5/CS0100050575?access=0&view=pdf

Abstract :

Stomatal frequency on the lower surface of the flag leaves of 649 cultivars from the World Collection of Barley, Hordeum vulgate L., ranged from 36 to 98 stomata mm⁻⁵ with a mean of 64. Differences in stomatal frequency observed in the field were confirmed by a greenhouse experiment involving 50 cultivars. Among 20 cultivars examined for stomatal size, mean guard cell length varied from 41 to 56 μ. A negative correlation, –.86, was obtained between stomatal frequency and size.

Stomatal frequencies of several cultivars decreased progressively from the flag to the lower leaves, with the flag leaf having approximately twice as many stomata mm^-2 as the basal leaves. Stomatal frequencies on the lower and upper surface of the flag leaves were similar. Stomata were not found on the lemma, and on the awn they were limited to two rows on the outer face. A single row of stomata extended down each side of the crease of the palea. Increased light intensity resulted in higher stomatal frequency, whereas temperature variations affected frequency very little.