Stomata in Ginkgo biloba (Gymnosperms)

Photo credit: Rudall et al.

Ultrastructure of stomatal development in Ginkgo biloba

by Rudall P. J., Rowland A., Bateman R. M. (2012)
Paula J. Rudall, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK

Alice Rowland
Richard M. Bateman, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
in Int. J. Plant Sci. 173(8):849–860 (2012)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259711672_Ultrastructure_of_Stomatal_Development_in_Ginkgo_biloba
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We present the first ultrastructural study of stomatal development in the ‘‘living fossil’’ gymnosperm species Ginkgo biloba. The Ginkgo lineage occupies a pivotal position in seed-plant phylogenies, but as most representatives are known only from fossils, the developmental pattern in G. biloba is critical for inferring patterns of stomatal evolution among seed plants. The distinctive fan-shaped leaf morphology of Ginkgo is related to its unusual petiolar vasculature.
Our results show that both cell lineages and cell interactions control stomatal patterning in this species. Both perigenous and mesoperigenous patterns of stomatal development are present, contrary to earlier reports of exclusively perigenous development. Ginkgo resembles grasses in possessing asymmetric divisions in perigenous neighbor cells, but resembles Arabidopsis in possessing amplifying divisions within the stomatal lineage, though these divisions are relatively chaotic in Ginkgo.
The degree of asymmetry in meristemoidal divisions is less marked in Ginkgo than in Arabidopsis, a factor that influences the relative orientations of stomata in mature epidermal tissue. The role of asymmetric divisions represents a crucial question in determining stomatal classification.

Stomata in Monocots

 

 

STOMATAL TYPES OF MONOCOTS WITHIN FLORA OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN

by Rubina A., Sharmeen S., Perveen A. (2007)

RUBINA ABID, SARA SHARMEEN, ANJUM PERVEEN,

Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.

===

in Pak. J. Bot., 39(1): 15-21

Abstract

Stomata of 54 monocot species belonging to 42 genera in 10 families were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy.

Three types of stomata viz., tetracytic, paracytic and anomocytic were recognized.

In the family Commelinaceae tetracytic type is present and in the family Liliaceae both tetracytic and anomocytic types are found, while,Typhaceae, Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Palmae and Juncaceae are characterized by paracytic type.

In the remaining three families i.e., Potamogetonaceae, Najadaceae and Hydrocharitaceae stomata are absent.

 

Stomata in Ludisia (Orchidaceae)

Photo credit: Google

Jewel Orchid, Variegated Ludisia (Ludisia discolor)

Stomatal development in Ludisia discolor (Orchidaceae): mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in the Monocotyledons

by Williams N. H. (1975)

Norris H. Williams, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA

in Taxon: 14 (2/3): 281-288 (1975)

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1218336?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Abstract

A number of recent publications have erroneously stated that the Orchidaceae are characterized by stomata that lack subsidiary cells.
The situation is clarified in this article by information obtained from the study of development of the stomatal complex in Ludisia discolor and Spiranthes sp., representatives of the subfamily Neottioideae of the Orchidaceae, as well as by studies of mature stomata of five additional genera of the Neottioideae.
These developmental studies document the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in the Neottioideae and also substantiate the presence of mesoperigenous subsidiary cells in at least one group of the monocotyledons.

Morphological types of stomata

Structure, Delimitation, Nomenclature and Classification of Stomata

by Prabhakar M. (2004)

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in Acta Botanica Sinica 46 (2): 242-252

Abstract:

The paper reviews stomatal types observed in 500 species of angiosperms besides those described in the literature and deals with the problems of their structure, delimitation, nomenclature and classification.

In view of the varied definitions available in the literature for subsidiaries, stomatal types and, the definition and delimitations being variously interpreted by different workers, a modified definition for the subsidiaries and stomata is presented.

In accordance with the international code of nomenclature for plants, the names of the stomata widely in use are retained (rule of priority). They have been presently classified as pericytic, desmocytic, paracytic, diacytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, isotricytic, tetracytic, staurocytic, anomocytic, cyclocytic and a good number of varieties under each type are presented. These stomatal types are recognised on the basis of their structure rather than its ontogenetic pathways.

Read the full article: JIPB

Spores and stomata of Asplenium (fern)

 

Spore Morphology and Stomatal Characters of some Kenyan Asplenium-Species

by Viaene R., Van Cotthem W. (1977)

by Ronald Viaene, Willem Van Cotthem

Botanica acta: Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft = journal of the German Botanical Society 01/1977; 90:219-239. DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1977.tb02817.x

ABSTRACT

Scanning electron microscopy and stomatal characters are studied in several Kenyan Asplenium species.

How do we study stomata ?

 

Investigation of Leaf Stomata

EXCERPT

Procedure:

1. Obtain a leaf from a plant, generally any plant will work for this procedure..
2. Paint a thick patch of clear nail polish on the leaf surface being studied. Make a patch at least one square centimeter.
3. Allow the nail polish to dry completely.
4. Tape a piece of clear cellophane tape to the dried nail polish patch. (The tape must be clear. Do not use Scotch tape or any other opaque tape. Clear carton-sealing tape works well.)
5. Gently peel the nail polish patch from the leaf by pulling on a corner of the tape and peeling the fingernail polish off the leaf. This is the leaf impression you will examine. (Only make one leaf impression on each side of the leaf, especially if the leaf is going to be left on a live plant.)
6. Tape your peeled impression to a very clean microscope slide. Use scissors to trim away any excess tape.

Read the full article: Playmemo

 

Stomata closure and drought

 

The protein that starts the molecular chain reaction leading to stomata closure responding to drought (Google / R&DMag)

https://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/10/29/the-protein-that-starts-the-molecular-chain-reaction-leading-to-stomata-closure-in-reaction-to-drought-google-rdmag/

http://www.rdmag.com/News/2010/10/Envrionment-Research-How-Plants-Keep-Their-Mouths-Shut/

How plants keep their mouths shut

Using intense beams of x-rays at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory, researchers have uncovered the atomic structure of a protein responsible for closing the “mouths,” or stomata, of plants. These molecular photographs could help scientists understand how plants will respond to environmental changes facing our planet, such as drought and escalating levels of carbon dioxide and ozone. The study, led by researchers at Columbia University and the New York Structural Biology Center, is published in the October 28, 2010, issue of the journal Nature.

Comparative studies of stomata and a new classification of stomatal types

Vergleichende morphologische Studien über Stomata und eine neue Klassifikation ihrer Typen

by Van Cotthem W. R. J. (1971)

in Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, Volume 84, Issue 3-4, pages 141–168, November 1971

Article first published online: 6 NOV 2013 – DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1971.tb02750.x

© 1971 Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft/German Botanical Society

Zusammenfassung

Mehr und mehr nehmen Studien über Stomata, ihre Strukturen, Typen und Entwicklungen einen wichtigen Platz in der botanischen Literatur ein. Im vorigen Jahrhundert begründete Vesque (1889) eine Klassifikation der Stomatatypen, doch haben 1950 Metcalfe und Chalk eine neue Terminologie “devoid of taxonomic or ontogenetic implications” vorgeschlagen.

Später wurden Bezeichnungen für weitere Typen von Metcalfe (1961) und Stace (1963, 1965) vorgeschlagen. Unsere eigenen vergleichend morphologischen Studien über die Stomata bei Farnen haben gezeigt, daß hier mindestens fünf Typen von denen der Angiospermen verschieden sind. Diese fünf Typen sind ebenfalls benannt und beschrieben, zwei von ihnen dabei weiter unterteilt worden (Van Cotthem 1968, 1970a)

Drei weitere Bezeichnungen haben wir vorgeschlagen, um unsere Klassifikation durch weitere Typen bereichern zu können (Van Cotthem 1970b). Payne (1970) hat zwei neue Typen bei den Dikotylen gefunden. Für einen der beiden hat er eine Unterteilung in zwei Untertypen vorgeschlagen

Insgesamt können nunmehr 17 Typen unterschieden werden

Nach unseren Untersuchungen lassen sich jetzt die meisten der bei Metcalfe und Chalk (1950, p. 1333) noch als “special types” angeführten Stomataformen ohne Schwierigkeiten in unserer neuen Klassifikation der Stomatatypen (Van Cotthem 1970b) einordnen.

https://eurekamag.com/research/014/389/014389071.php

Reviews past published work, and presents observations (with diagrams) on stomata of a considerable number of species (including some woody ones), extending the number of stomatal types to 17 and giving the appropriate terminology and classification.