Stomata in shade trees

 

Canopy characteristics, stomatal anatomy and transpiration rate in some shade plants.

by AbdulRahaman A. A., Aluko T. A., Oladele F. A. (2010)

AbdulRahaman A. A.

Aluko T. A.

Felix Ayotunde Oladele, University of Ilorin

in Journal of Biological Sciences and Bioconservation, 2: 20 – 36. – 

https://www.academia.edu/7299868/CANOPY_CHARACTERISTICS_STOMATAL_ANATOMY_AND_TRANSPIRATION_RATE_IN_SOME_SHADE_PLANTS

Stomata in toxic plants

Stomatal types. a-f, anysocytic: a, Polygonum aviculare; b, Raphanus sativus; c, Sida rhombifolia; d, Turnera sidoides subsp. pinnatifida; e, Adesmia bicolor; f, Nicotiana glauca; g, polycitic: Plantago australis; h, cyclocytic: Baccharis notosergila; i, parallelocytic: Portulaca oleracea; j, k, diacytic: j, Lamium amplexicaule; k, Ammi majus; l, hexacytic: Opuntia arechavaletae; m-r, paracytic: m, Convolvulus arvensis; n, Oxypetalum solanoides; o, Galium richardianum; p, Ricinus communis; q, Senna corymbosa; r, Vinca major. Scale bars: a-d, g, j-p, r = 50 µm; e, f, h, i, q = 100 µm.

 

Epidermal characteristics of toxic plants for cattle from the Salado River basin (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Caracteres epidérmicos de las plantas tóxicas para el ganado de la Depresión del Salado (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

by Freire S. E., Arambarri A. M., Bayón N. D., Sancho G., Urtubey E., Monti C., María C. Novoa M. C., Colares M. N. (2005)

,Susana E. Freire, Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Darwin, Argentina

Ana M. Arambarri, National University of La Plata

Néstor D. Bayón, National University of La Plata

Gisela Sancho, National University of La Plata

Estrella Urtubey,, Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Darwin, Argentina

Claudia Monti, María C. Novoa, Marta N. Colares,

===

in Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. v.40 n.3-4 Córdoba ago./dic. 2005 – 

http://www.oalib.com/paper/2935980

Abstract:

One hundred and eighty species belonging to 41 families inhabiting the Salado River Basin of the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) were previously reported to be toxic for cattle.

The purpose of this study was to provide a tool to distinguish the taxa when the plant material is desintegrated. In this way, an approach to the identification of these taxa through leaf epidermal features (anticlinal epidermal cell wall patterns, cuticular ornamentation, stomata, and hair types) is performed.

A key to the 180 species as well as illustrations of diagnostic characters are given.

 

Resumen:

Caracteres epidérmicos de las plantas tóxicas para el ganado de la Depresión del Salado (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Las plantas tóxicas para el ganado están representadas en la Depresión del Salado (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina) por 180 especies pertenecien-tes a 41 familias. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar estos taxa a partir de material desintegrado, utilizando caracteres epidérmicos foliares (paredes anticlinales de las células epidérmicas, ornamentación de la cutícula, tipos de estomas y pelos). Se brinda una clave para la determinación de las especies e ilustraciones de los caracteres diagnósticos.

Stomata in Carpinus

 

Leaf, stomata, trichome morphology of the species in Carpinus genus

Paridari I. C., Jalali S.G., Somboli A., Zarafshar M. (2012)

Iman Chapolagh Paridari, Seyyed Gholamali Jalali , Ali Sonboli , Mehrdad Zarafshar

in J. Taxon. Biosyst., Volume 4 , Number 10; Page(s) 11-25. –

http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/tbj/browse.php?a_id=177&sid=1&slc_lang=en

Abstract

The species of Carpinus genus are widely distributed in the Hyrcanian and Arasbaran forests. Previous researches identified the species only by leaf and seed macro-morphological traits. Leaf morphological variations in the different ecological conditions led to some problems in taxonomy of the genus.

In the current research for first time, stomata and trichome morphology were surveyed on plant collections of Noshahr Herbarium by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM). Some plant samples were collected from natural sites by the authors.

First, separation accuracy of Carpinus betulus, C. schuschaensis and C. oreintalis was investigated by multivariate analysis. Extracted components of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were highly correlated with some leaf size parameters but could not clearly separate the three groups. Discriminate analysis proved accuracy of grouping about 64.7%.

Carpinus betulus had the largest dimension in stomata and trichome trait while C. orientalis had the smallest about this trait and C. schuschaensis had the medium size between of two species.

Stomata type in C. betulus was paracytic, anomocytic, and anisocytic and C. oreintalis were laterocytic and C. schuschaensis was anisocytic and laterocytic.

In contrast to other species, cells of stomata located upper than epidermal cells in C. betulus.

Simple unicellular trichome was determined for the genus. Although the size and dense of trichome on the leaf and petiole were different among three species, these traits were highly associated with ecological conditions.

We concluded that these traits did not have any taxonomic significant in the genus. The current research calls for seed and bract morphology as well as molecular markers to be revised.

The taxonomic consideration of stomata in Rumiceae Dum. (Polygonaceae)

 

The taxonomic consideration of leaf epidermal microstructure in the tribe Rumiceae Dum. (Polygonaceae)

by Hong S. P., Son S. H. (2000)

Suk Pyo Hong

Se Hee Son

in Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 30. 105-121. –

SEM. Oxyria, Emex, Rumex, Rumen, Rheum. Stomatal types, subsidiary cells & guard cell sizes. –

http://e-kjpt.org/journal/view.php?number=4272

Abstract

To examine the leaf epidermal microstructures in the tribe Rumiceae Dum. (Polygonaceae), leaves of four genera (30 species and four subspecies) were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The stomata of studied taxa were amphistomatic and the size (guard cell) range was 15-56㎛. The anisocytic stomata type was mostly common in the tribe, but rarely combined with paracytic or anomocytic together.

The leaf microstructure can be divided four types.

① the epidermal cells are straight or arched polygonal, and epicuticular wax was not developed (Emex, Rumex sect Platypodium, R. sect. Acetosa:R. scutatus, R. lunaria, some taxa of R. sect. Rumex).

② the epidermal cells are undulate, elongated polygonal, and epicuticular wax was not well developed (a few taxa of Rumex sect. Rumex).

③ the epidermal cells are straight polygonal, and have crystalline (granular) waxes forming scattered grains on the surface (Oxyria digyna, most taxa of the Rumex sect. Acetosella and R. sect. Acetosa).

④ the epidermal cells are mostly straight or undulate polygonal, and epicuticular wax was well developed (the most taxa of the genus Rheum, including Oxyria sinensis).

The peltate trichome is occurred on the leaves of the most investigated taxa, and conical shapes of unicellular trichome is present in the genus Rheum and some taxa of Rumex. Finally, the taxonomic significance of the leaf micromorphological features in identification and elucidation of the tribe Rumiceae, especially between or within the genera including among the species is also briefly discussed.

The taxonomic utility of the stomatal types in Polygonaceae

 

Stomatal studies of some selected medicinal plants of Polygonaceae.

Hameed I., Hussain F., Dastagir G. (2008)

in Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(6): 2273-2280. –

http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PK2011000462

Abstract

The study reports variation in the structure and distribution of stomata in some members of Polygonaceae viz., Rumex hastatus D. Don, Rumex dentatus Linn, Rumex nepalensis Spreng, Rheum australe D. Don, Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gay and Polygonum plebejum R. Br.

The type of stomata, density, frequency, stomatal index, size of stomatal pore (average length and width), size of guard cells (average length and width) and percentage of the close and open stomata were determined.

The upper epidermises of the six plants contain anomocytic, paracytic, anisocytic, tetracytic and hemiparacytic stomata while the lower epidermises contain tetracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and paracytic stomata.

The statistical evaluation of the stomata and epidermis included mean, standard deviation, variance, coefficient of variance standard error and difference of standard error were carried out.

The study indicates the taxonomic utility of the stomatal type.

 

Stomata in Dissotis (Melastomataceae).

Photo credit: Google

Dissotis rotundifolia

Morphology of the leaf epidermis and systematics in some Dissotis species Benth (Melastomataceae).

by Edeoga H.O., Eboka A.U. (2000)

in Global J. Pure and Applied Sci. 6:371-374.-

https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20001613445

Abstract :

Studies on the morphology of the leaf epidermis of some species of Dissotis from southern Nigerian were conducted using a light microscope. This was with the main aim of evaluating their reliability as aids in the systematic identification of these wild, ornamental and medicinal plants.

Paracytic stomata were common on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of all taxa except in D. rotundifolia where the stomata were anomocytic.

Trichomes of variable structures and density were found on both surfaces of the leaf in the four taxa investigated. The epidermal cells architecture varied from pentagonal to polygonal in both surfaces of the leaf except in D. rotundifolia where they were sinuous and irregular in shape.

Other characters of the epidermis that exhibited variation include frequency of stomata, and shapes of basal ends of the trichomes.

The significance of these characters in the systematics of the taxa was discussed in view of the controversial and divergent nature of the current opinions on the nomenclature of some Dissotis species.

Stomata in Caltha palustris

 

Stomata size variability in the Caltha palustris complex (Ranunculaceae) from Poland.

by Cieslak E., Florjan S. (2002)

Elżbieta Cieślak, 

Sławomir Florjan

in Acta biol. Cracov. 91-97. – LM, table of data. –

https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/632826

Abstract: 

Results of variability analysis of basal leaves epidermis stomata in Caltha palustris L. complex are presented.

Stomata length and width were measured in material derived from 17 Polish localities. It was found that in C. palustris subsp. laeta the stomata are of clearly elongated shape and bigger (the mean length was 56.52+/-8.41 µm) than those of subsp. palustris (the mean length was 46.80+/-6.73 µm).

Within the latter subspecies, in the sample determined as var. radicans they are only barely longer (the mean length was 51.46+/-5.46 µm) than wide (the mean width was 46.20+/-5.25 µm), while in var. cornuta they are distinctly longer (the mean length was 52.45+/-5.17 µm) than wide (the mean width was 45.00+/-3.86 µm); both are however still more circular than in subsp. laeta.

Stomata on roots of Ceratonia siliqua (Fabaceae)

Structure and development of stomata on the primary root of Ceratonia siliqua L

by Christodoulakis N. S., Menti J., Galatis B. (2002)

Christodoulakis Nikolaos Sofoklis, 

Professor (Associate), National and Kapodistrian Univ…, Athens · Faculty of Biology

Menti J.

Basil Galatis 

Professor of Botany and Cell Biology, National and Kapodistrian Univ…, Athens · Department of Botany

in Ann. Bot. 89: 23-29  – DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcf002 – https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12096815/  – LM, TEM, brief SEM. –

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12096815

Fig. 2. A, Root tip following brief staining with 0·5 % toluidine blue ‘O’. The protodermal cells are intensely stained. The radial arrangement of the conductive bundle (arrow) confirms that stomata are arranged on the root rather than on the shoot of the seedlings. B, Surface view of the rhizodermis stained by toluidine blue ‘O’ as seen under a stereomicroscope. Root hairs (red) and guard cells (blue; arrows) are differentially stained. C, Root stoma at the first stage of breaking apart (arrows indicate the two broken parts). D, Two halves (arrows) of the broken stoma have moved apart. E, Long fissures are produced by the broken stomata. The cavities formed are easily visible on the root surface (arrows). F, A typical elevated root stoma as observed on a paradermal section of a fresh root. G, A fissure and the cavity formed as observed in a cross‐section of the root. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233769/bin/mcf002f2.jpg

Abstract

Stomata of various sizes are produced on the primary root of Ceratonia siliqua L. Most are generated during embryogenesis, prior to seed desiccation. They can be detected on the dry embryo in a wide zone just above the root tip.

Fig. 5. A, The radicle of the embryo from a seed of Ceratonia siliqua observed in an SEM. Arrows indicate stomata. B, Section through the mid‐region of a root stoma as viewed with a TEM. Cell walls, ledges, plastids, vacuoles, stomatal pore, hypostomatal cavity and subsidiary cells are clearly visible. C, Median cross‐section of a root guard cell. D, Detail of the guard cell in B. Arrows indicate the fractured middle lamella. E, Detail of a guard cell. CW, Cell wall; D, dictyosome; ER, endoplasmic reticulum. Hca, hypostomatal cavity; L, ledge; M, mitochondrion; N, nucleus; NE, nuclear envelope; P, plastid; PC, subsidiary cells; st, starch granule; sp, stomatal pore; V, vacuole.

Initially, large stomata are formed. These have the ability to induce divisions of their neighbouring cells, creating particular cell patterns around them. Later, small perigenous stomata are generated.

As the root grows following seed germination, the stomatal zone overlaps with that of the root hairs. Although root stomata of C. siliqua undergo a structural differentiation that seems almost identical to that of the elliptical stomata formed on leaves, they are unable to move and remain permanently open.

Polarizing microscopy of fully differentiated stomata and young stomata at the stage of stomatal pore formation revealed deposition of radial cellulose microfibril systems on their periclinal walls. However, these systems were less developed than those on leaf stomata, a feature that might be responsible for their inactivity.

Besides, plastids of the root guard cells (GCs) do not differentiate into chloroplasts but function solely as amyloplasts.

Fig. 4. A, A young root stoma at the stage of the stomatal pore formation. Polarizing microscopy reveals a weak birefringence of the periclinal walls mirroring the deposition of radial cellulose microfibrils. B, Cross‐section of a root stoma indicating that stomatal pore formation starts from the internal‐ and the external‐thickened portions of the ventral wall and proceeds inwards. C, Differentiated root stomata viewed with a polarizing microscope reveal a weak birefringence of their periclinal walls. It seems that following stomatal pore opening the periclinal walls have been reinforced with additional radial cellulose microfibrils. D, The same portion of the rhizodermis as in C, viewed with normal optics. E, Leaf stomata viewed with a polarizing microscope. The periclinal walls display a strong birefringence. F, The same portion of the leaf epidermis as in E, viewed with normal optics. G, Transmission electron micrograph of a stoma in a tangential section of the root. H, Detail of G. The stomatal pore and the cell wall with its peculiar thickening can be observed. V, Vacuole; sp, stomatal pore; N, nucleus; CW, cell wall; nu, nucleolus.

Root stomata have a short life span. During rapid and intense root growth, GCs cannot keep pace with the elongation of their neighbouring rhizodermal cells. They therefore split in their mid-region, transversely to the stoma axis. The two parts of the transversely torn stoma are dragged apart and a large opening is formed on the root surface, just above the substomatal cavity.

The root stomata, together with these openings, may facilitate increased gaseous exchange during respiration and/or an increased transfer of some nutrients and water in the rapidly growing primary root.

Stomata in the Convolvulaceae

 

Studies on leaf epidermal micromorphology, wood element characters and phytochemical screening of three medicinally important taxa of the family Convolvulaceae

by Choudhury S., Rahaman C. H., Mandal S. (2009b)

Sutapa Choudhury,

Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman, 

Sudhendu Mandal 

in Journal of Environmental and Sociobiology 2009b; 6 (2): 105-118. – 

https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0029-1235011

Abstract

The scientific evaluation of ethnomedicinally important plants is now being done thoroughly covering various aspects of study like efficacy of the crude drugs, chemistry of active principles, different pharmacognostic parameters, etc. The use of micromorphology and anatomy is now a recognised tool in the field of plant systematics.

Therefore, in this investigation the micromorphology of leaf epidermis, stem xylem element characters and phytochemical screening of three ethnomedicinally important members of the family Convolvulaceae namely Evolvulus alsinoides, Evolvulus nummularius and Ipomoea cairica have been studied.

The epidermal cells are found to be irregular in shape and the outlines of the cells are wavy in every species.

Stomata are amphistomatic and mainly of paracytic type except in Evolvulus nummularius.

Trichomes are glandular and non-glandular, unicellular or multicellular, straight or curved.

The range of stomatal index varies from 11.40 to 20.00.

Palisade ratio ranges from 6.2 to 9.8. The vessel element length ranges from 60.71 um to 357.10 um and the diameter varies from 21.78 um to 66.06 um. Perforation plate is simple and transverse or obliquely placed. Fibres are typical libriform, very long and diameter ranges from 10.71 um to 16.78 um. In every case, tracheids are long with spiral to condensed spiral type of sidewall thickening and diameter is from 07.14 um to 16.07 um.

The active compounds are identified by the chemical colour reaction tests belonging to the phytochemical groups of amino acids, alkaloids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids, tannins, etc.

The findings will be a useful marker for identification of the crude drugs obtained from the selected taxa.

The purpose of the study is to know the leaf epidermal micromorphology, wood element characters and phytochemical screening of three ethnomedicinally important plants of the family Convolvulaceae as it has not been properly worked out. These micromorphological features and phytochemical screening will be very helpful in proper identification of respective crude drugs obtained from these three members of Convolvulaceae and also be used in detection of drug adulterants. Thus, it will be a tool in maintaining the quality of the drug obtained from these three plant species.

Stomata in the Vitaceae

 

Studies on Leaf epidermal micromorphology, and preliminary phytochemical screening of three medicinally important taxa of the family Vitaceae.

by Choudhury S., Rahaman C. H., Mandal S. (2009a)

Sutapa Choudhury,

Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman, 

Sudhendu Mandal 

in Science and Culture. 2009a; 75(7-8): 294-300. –

http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug09/11.htm

Abstract: See the link above